Cutaneous clues to a rare osseous manifestation of paracoccidioidomycosis: The importance of early diagnosis

This case report describes a 47-year-old man with osteocutaneous involvement diagnosed by biopsy and direct fungal examination. The osseous form of PCM is rare and should be differentiated from other infections and neoplasms. Management involves prolonged antifungal therapy and follow-up for at least two years

Viana MFM et al. – Cutaneous clues in osseous paracoccidioidomycosis

Márcio Fellipe Menezes Viana[¹], Rafael Fantelli Stelini[¹], Andréa Fernandes Eloy da Costa França[¹], Daniela Tsukumo Mitti[¹], Luiz Fernando Monte Borella[¹] and Fabiano Reis[¹]

[1]. Universidade estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brasil. 

Corresponding author: Dr. Márcio Fellipe Menezes Viana. E-mail: mfellipe.menezes@gmail.com

Data Availability Statement: Research data is available in the body of the document (References)

Financial Support: This study was funded exclusively by the authors, with no financial support from public or private institutions.

Conflict of Interest: The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Orcid

Márcio Fellipe Menezes Viana: https://orcid.org/0009-0005-1663-9591

Rafael Fantelli Stelini: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0618-1693

Andréa Fernandes Eloy da Costa França: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1657-4570

Daniela Tsukumo Mitti: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8040-0439

Luiz Fernando Monte Borella: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2661-4791

Fabiano Reis: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2256-4379

Abstract

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Brazil, is caused by dimorphic fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides and is acquired primarily through inhalation. PCM is associated with a high mortality, particularly among men living in rural areas. This case report describes a 47-year-old man with osteocutaneous involvement diagnosed by biopsy and direct fungal examination. The osseous form of PCM is rare and should be differentiated from other infections and neoplasms. Management involves prolonged antifungal therapy and follow-up for at least two years. This case highlights the diagnostic value of dermatological assessments in atypical presentations of PCM.

Keywords: medical dermatology; osteocutaneous involvement; paracoccidioidomycosis

INTRODUCTION

Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is the most prevalent systemic mycosis in Brazil and is caused by dimorphic fungi of the genus Paracoccidioides, primarily P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii. The fungus exists in a filamentous form in moist soil, with transmission occurring via inhalation of airborne propagules. This disease predominantly affects men living in rural areas. The incubation period is highly variable, ranging from days to several decades, owing to the organism’s ability to establish latent infection1-5.

PCM can affect any organ, and its clinical spectrum is typically classified into acute, subacute, and chronic forms. The acute/subacute (juvenile) form, more common in children and young adults primarily involves the mononuclear phagocytic system. Chronic PCM, which accounts for approximately 80% of cases, presents with slowly, progressive pulmonary involvement and mucocutaneous lesions, particularly affecting the upper aerodigestive tract and skin1-5.

Osseous involvement in PCM is uncommon. It typically appears as a round, well-demarcated, osteolytic lesion, with or without a sclerotic rim.  Lesions may be multifocal and can mimic bacterial osteomyelitis or neoplastic processes. The  clavicle, scapula, ribs, sternum, and vertebrae, are the most frequently affected bones, whereas calvarial involvement is extremely rare. A systematic search of several databases (Cochrane Library, LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, PubMed Central, and SciELO) revealed only a few case reports of cranial bone involvement, all in immunocompromised patients such as individuals with systemic lupus erythematosus. To our knowledge, such cases have not been reported in immunocompetent individuals5-7.

This report describes a rare case of PCM involving an osteolytic lesion of the calvarium in an immunocompetent adult with histopathological confirmation and a favorable clinical response to antifungal therapy. The unusual anatomical site in a patient with no known immunosuppression and the diagnostic challenges it posed, underscore the importance of considering PCM in the differential diagnosis of cranial osteolytic lesions, even in atypical clinical contexts.

CASE REPORT

A 47-year-old man from an urban area in southeastern Brazil was referred to a tertiary hospital with a progressively enlarging parietal mass, reaching approximately 6 cm in diameter over six months (Figure 1). During this period, the patient experienced weight loss exceeding 10% of his baseline body weight. Brain computed tomography revealed a right parietal lytic bone lesion involving the entire thickness of the calvarium, with adjacent soft tissue swelling, fluid accumulation, and peripheral contrast enhancement (Figure 2).

The patient was admitted for further investigation with a preliminary suspicion of neoplasia. Additional laboratory investigations were conducted to rule out alternative etiologies, including serum lactate dehydrogenase, carcinoembryonic antigen, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin, alpha-fetoprotein, serum and urinary protein electrophoresis, and beta-2 microglobulin. Autoimmune screening for antinuclear antibody, quantitative immunoglobulin levels (IgA, IgG, and IgM), and serological testing for HIV, hepatitis B and C, and syphilis were also performed. All results were within the normal reference ranges.

A thorough physical examination revealed two skin ulcers with raised, well-defined borders on the chest and left arm (Figure 1). A dermatological consultation was requested, and direct examination of a smear of the skin lesions with 10% potassium hydroxide revealed yeast-like fungal structures. Histopathological analysis revealed dermal granulomas and fungal structures with multiple budding forms on Grocott staining consistent with Paracoccidioides spp. (Figure 3). Bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal cultures were negative, whereas serological results for PCM were positive.

Despite a 28-day hospitalization, a definitive diagnosis was established only after a dermatological evaluation. The patient was subsequently discharged with 200 mg/day of itraconazole. The patient exhibited significant clinical improvement, with complete healing of the ulcerated lesions on the chest and left arm, and progressive reduction of the parietal mass. Serological testing for total antibodies against Paracoccidioides spp. showed a titer of 1:16 prior to the initiation of antifungal therapy, which declined to 1:4 at two months and became nonreactive after six months of treatment.

Although a biopsy of the parietal bone lesion was not performed because of the invasiveness of the procedure, the marked radiological improvement observed after only three months of antifungal therapy (Figure 2) strongly supported the interpretation that the cranial lesion shared the same etiological agent as the cutaneous lesions.

DISCUSSION

Osseous involvement in PCM is rare and primarily affects both children and young adults. PCM typically manifests as osteolytic lesions, usually without periosteal involvement or marginal sclerosis, and predominantly involves the long bones. Skull bone involvement has been rarely reported in the literature, with documented cases mainly involving transplant recipients. Bone involvement may lead to secondary osteomyelitis and soft-tissue infections8.

An early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for preventing long-term complications. A high index of clinical suspicion combined with fast and cost-effective diagnostic methods is essential for timely management. Accurate diagnosis relies on clinical and epidemiological correlations supported by complementary tests such as mucocutaneous lesion biopsy, fungal culture, and direct fungal examination, which typically reveal round budding yeast cells9.

Treatment was continued until the cure criteria were met, with itraconazole as the first-line therapy because of its superior efficacy and shorter treatment duration. Sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim is an alternative, whereas amphotericin B is reserved for severe cases. Voriconazole is recommended for central nervous system involvement10,11. Follow-up should extend for at least two years post-cure and include clinical, radiological, serological, and mycological assessments. Monitoring is advised for at least one year after serological negativization12.

The characteristics of this case indicate that PCM should be considered in the differential diagnosis of skeletal lesions, particularly in patients from endemic regions or those with relevant epidemiological exposure12.

Authors’ contribution

MFMV: Writing – original draft, data curation, formal analysis; RFS: Investigation, Software; AFECF: Supervision, Writing – review, and editing; DTM: Conceptualization; LFMB: Visualization; FR: Methodology, Project administration.

Acknowledgments

We offer our deepest thanks to the institutions that provided technical support for the development and implementation of this study.

References

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FIGURE 1: (A) Swelling in the right parietal region. (B) Cutaneous ulcer with well-defined borders and a granular base in the lateral region of the left 9th–10th costal arch. (C) Ulcerated plaque on the lateral middle third of the left arm, with raised and well-defined borders, a granular base with hemorrhagic dots, and no evident exudate.

FIGURE 2: (A) Brain computed tomography, bone window, axial, showing a right parietal lytic bone lesion affecting the entire thickness of the shell: external board, diploe and internal board. There is also enlargement of adjacent soft tissues. (B) Brain computed tomography, parenchyma window, axial, showing fluid accumulation with peripheral enhancement in the soft tissues and involving the bone plane. (C) Brain magnetic resonance imaging (axial T1) showing fluid accumulation (hypointense on T1) in the soft tissues and in the bone of the right parietal region. (D) Brain computed tomography, bone window, axial, showing evident regression of adjacent soft tissues in the right parietal region after only three months of treatment.

FIGURE 3: (A) Histology showing chronic granulomatous ulcerated dermatitis with microabscesses. Hematoxylin-eosin staining; magnification, ×100. (B) Yeast-like fungal structures of varying diameters. Grocott methenamine silver staining; magnification, ×400. (C) Oil-immersion image highlighting a fungal structure with multiple narrow-based budding daughter cells. Grocott methenamine silver staining; magnification: ×1000.